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Citrus cultivation
For citrus fruits can make the maximum yield that it needs to be cultivated properly. Here on this blog will be presented on Aquaculture Orange.1. A BRIEF HISTORYCitrus plant is an annual fruit crop which comes from Asia. China is believed to be the first place where oranges grow. Since hundreds of years ago, orange has grown in Indonesia either naturally or cultivated. Existing citrus crop in Indonesia is a relic of the Dutch people who bring sweet oranges and tangerines from America and Italy.2. TYPES OF PLANTS CITRUSThe botanical classification of citrus plants are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Rutales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species: Citrus sp.
Local citrus fruits cultivated in Indonesia is Keprok orange (Citrus reticulata / nobilis L.), oranges Siem (C. microcarpa L. and C.sinensis. L) which consists of Siem Pontianak, Siem Garut, Siem Lumajang, sweet orange (C. . auranticum L. and C.sinensis L.), lemon / lemon (C. medica), grapefruit (C.maxima Herr.) which consists of orange Nambangan-Madium and Bali. For citrus seasoning which consists of lime (C. aurantifolia), grapefruit Purut (C. hystrix) and orange sauce (C. hystix ABC). Oranges introduced varieties which are widely grown varieties of Lemon and Grapefruit. While the local varieties are orange siem, baby orange, tangerine fields, Bali, lemon and lime.Citrus cultivationCitrus cultivation
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Benefits of citrus plants as food fresh fruit or processed foods, which contain vitamin C eminence.
In some countries have produced oil from citrus peel and seeds, molasses, alcohol and pectin from citrus fruits which is wasted. Orange peel oil used to suppress create a perfume, scented soaps, essences For drinks and cake mixes.
Some types of citrus such as lime is used as a traditional medicine for fever, pain reliever upper airway and healing inflammation of the eye.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER ORANGEOrange centers in Indonesia spread includes: Garut (West Java), Tawangmangu (Central Java), Stone (East Java), Tejakula (Bali), Selayar (South Sulawesi), Pontianak (West Kalimantan) and Medan (North Sumatra). Because the virus attacks CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloen Degeneration), several centers of cultivation decreased production which is further aggravated by the orange trade monopoly system which is now no longer valid.5. TERMS GROWING CITRUS5.1. Climate
Wind speed which is more than 40-48% would knock flowers and fruit. For areas that intensity and high wind speeds better plant windbreaks planted with rows perpendicular to the wind direction.
Depending on the species, citrus requires 5-6, 6-7 or 9 months wet (rainy season). The wet months is required For the development of flowers and fruit in order to keep the soil moist. In Indonesia, this plant is in need of water-enough, especially in the months from July to August.
Optimal temperatures between 25-30 ° C but some can still grow normally at 38 ° C. Tangerines Oranges require a temperature of 20 ° C.
All types of citrus do not like places that are protected from sunlight.
For optimum moisture plant growth is about 70-80%.
5.2. Growing media
Both for the cultivation of land which is orange clay to sandy loam with clay fraction 7- 27%, 25-50% of dust and sand <50%, enough humus, water and air system either.
The type of soil and Latosol Andosol very suitable for the cultivation of citrus.
The degree of soil acidity (pH soil) that is suitable for citrus cultivation with optimum pH 5.5-6.5 6.
The optimal groundwater is at a depth of 150-200 cm below the soil surface. In the dry season of 150 cm and 50 cm in the rainy season. Citrus plants like water containing salt around 10%.
Citrus plants can grow well in areas that have a slope of about 30 °
5.3. Height PlacesHigh place where it can be cultivated citrus varies from lowlands to high depending on the species:
Type Keprok Madura, Keprok Tejakula: 1-900 m above sea level.
Type Keprok Batu 55, Keprok Garut: 700-1200 m asl.
Type Sweet Punten, Waturejo, wno, VLO: 300-800 m above sea level.
Siem Type: 1-700 m above sea level.
Large type Nambangan-Madison, Bali, Roll: 1-700 m above sea level.
Japanese Type Kasturi, Kumkuat: 1-1000 m asl.
Type Purut: 1-400 m above sea level.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING CITRUS6.1. Seeding
1) Requirements for SeedsCitrus seedlings planted banality derived from vegetative propagation form of shoot tip grafting. Seedlings that both disease-free is that, like with the parent (true to type), lush, trunk diameter of 2-3 cm, surface smooth stem, root fibers lot, taproot medium-sized and certified seed breeding.2) Preparation of SeedsSeed banality used for the cultivation of citrus obtained with generative and vegetative.3) Techniques Seeding Seeda) How generativeSeeds taken from the fruit with a way to squeeze the fruit that has been cut. Dried beans in a place that is not exposed for 2-3 days until mucusmissing. Nursery area has fertile soil. 30-4- cm soil depth processed and prepared seedbed plots measuring 1.15 to 1.20 m stretched from north to south. Map the distance of 0.5-1 m. Before planting, apply manure to 1 kg / m². Seeds are planted in the groove with a spacing 1-1.5 x 2 cm and immediately watered. After planting, the nursery was given a roof. Dipindahtanam seedlings in polybags 15 x 35 cm after 20 cm height at the age of 3-5 months. Media grows in a polybag is a mixture of manure and chaff (2: 1) or pupukkandang, husks, sand (1: 1: 1).b) How Vegetative OrangeWhich method is commonly done shoot tip grafting and pasting the eye patch. For either of these need to be prepared rootstock (onderstam / rootstock) which is selected from citrus fruits with strong roots and broad, high environmental adaptability, drought resistant, resistant / tolerant to viral diseases, root rot and nematodes. Rootstock varieties that are commonly used by Japanese breeder citroen, Rough lemon, Cleopatra, Troyer Citrange and Carizzo citrange.
6.2. Media Processing Plant OrangeCitrus crops grown in dry land rice soil / land slope. If planted in a hill should be made swale / terrace. Land that will ditamani cleared from other plants or plant debris. For varying the spacing of each type of citrus can be seen in the following data:Tangerines and Siem: spacing of 5 x 5 mSweet: spacing of 7 x 7 mCitron (Citroen): spacing of 6 x 7 mLime: a spacing of 4 x 4 mGrape fruit: the spacing of 8 x 8 mLarge: a spacing (10-12) x (10-12) mPlanting hole just made on unworked land and made two weeks before the soil. Land in the separated part with the land of topsoil (25 cm). Comes from the top layer of soil mixed with 20 kg of manure. After planting the land returned to its original place. Beds (ridges) measuring 1 x 1 x 1 m is only made if the oranges grown in paddy soil.
6.3. Planting TechniquesCitrus seedlings can be planted in the rainy season or dry season if the available water pot for watering, but it should be planted early in the rainy season. Before planting, needs to be done:
Reduction of leaves and branches superfluous.
Reduction roots.
Setting the position of the root in order to do some folded.
Once the seedlings out in the garden, flush to taste and given a mulch of straw, palm leaves or leaves that are free of disease in the vicinity. Put mulch in such a way so as not to touch the stem to avoid stem rot. Before crop production and editorial overshadow each other, crops can be planted between both legumes / vegetables. After canopy cover each other, between plants to be replaced by grass / legume ground cover that also functions as an enhancer of nitrogen for citrus crops.
6.4. Plant Maintenance
Stitching: Done in plants that do not grow.
Weeding: Weeds cleaned in accordance with the frequency of growth, at the time of fertilization also carried out weeding.
Pembubunan: If planted on sloping ground, to consider whether there is soil around the roots which eroded. The addition of ground needs to be done if the base of the roots have started to appear.
Pruning: Pruning aims For forming the canopy of trees and eliminate the sick branches, dry and unproductive / undesirable. From the early buds which grow leave 3-4 buds on a uniform distance that will eventually form a canopy of trees. In the subsequent growth, each branch has twigs or multiples 3-4. Scar clipping closed fungicidal or wax overcome or prevent disease. We recommend that you first dip the pruning shears into klorox / alcohol. Sick twigs burned or buried in the ground.
Fertilization: Giving fertilizer type and dose (g / plant) after planting are as follows:
1 month: Urea = 100; ZA = 200; TSP = 25; ZK = 100; Dolomite = 20; P.kandang = 20 kg / tan.
2 months: Urea = 200; ZA = 400; TSP = 50; ZK = 200; Dolomite = 40; P.kandang = 40 kg / tan.
3 months: Urea = 300; ZA = 600; TSP = 75; ZK = 300; Dolomite = 60; P.kandang = 60 kg / tan.
4 months: Urea = 400; ZA = 800; TSP = 100; ZK = 400; Dolomite = 80; P.kandang = 80 kg / tan.
5 months: Urea = 500; ZA = 1000; TSP = 125; ZK = 500; Dolomite = 100; P.kandang = 100 kg / tan.
6 months: Urea = 600; ZA = 1200; TSP = 150; ZK = 600; Dolomite = 120; P.kandang = 120 kg / tan.
7 months: Urea = 700; ZA = 1400; TSP = 175; ZK = 700; Dolomite = 140; P.kandang = 140 kg / tan .;
8 months: Urea = 800; ZA = 1600; TSP = 200; ZK = 800; Dolomite = 160; P.kandang = 160 kg / tan.
> 8 months: Urea> 1000; ZA = 2000; TSP = 200; ZK = 800; Dolomite = 200; P.kandang = 200 kg / tan.
Irrigation and Watering: Watering should not inundate the stem roots. Plants are watered at least once a week during the dry season. If less water is available, the soil around the plant digemburkan and closed mulch.
Citrus fruit thinning: In the year in which the fruiting orange trees, thinning needs to be done in order to be able to support tree growth and fruit weight and fruit quality is maintained. Discard fruit includes fruit sick, who are not exposed to the sun (in the shade of the leaves) and excess fruit in one stalk. Remove the fruit at the end of the fruit group contained in one main stalk and leaving only 2-3 pieces.
7. PEST AND DISEASE7.1. Citrus Pests
Flea (D. citri.)
Parts which are attacked stalk, leaf buds, shoots, young leaves.
Symptoms: curly shoots, the plants die.
Control: use of insecticide active ingredient dimethoate (Roxion 40 EC, 40 EC Rogor), Monocrotophos (Azodrin 60 WSC) and endosulfan (Thiodan 3G, Dekasulfan 35 EC and 350 EC). Spraying is done prior to and during sprout, addition flue part and attacked.
Aphids (Toxoptera citridus Aurantii, Aphis gossypii.)
Is part and attacked the young shoots and flowers.
Symptoms: The leaves curl and lasting until the leaves mature.
Control: using insecticide with the active ingredient Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC), Dimethoate (Perfecthion, Rogor 40 EC, Cygon), Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC), Phosphamidon (Dimecron 50 SCW), Malathion (Gisonthion 50 EC).
Peliang caterpillar leaves (Phyllocnistis citrella.)
Is part and attacked the young leaves.
Symptoms: transparent or silvery circular grooves, shoots / young leaves wrinkle, roll, fall.
Control: spray insecticide with the active ingredient Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC, Basudin 60 EC), Malathion (Gisonthion 50 EC, 50 WP) <Diazinon (Basazinon 45/30 EC). Then the leaves are picked and buried in the ground.
Mites (Tenuipalsus sp., Eriophyes sheldoni Tetranychus sp)
Parts which are attacked stalks, leaves and fruit.
Symptoms: silvery patches on fruit or chocolate and yellow or brown spots on the leaves.
Control: spray insecticide propargite (ommittee), Cyhexation (Plictran), Dicofol (Kelthane), Oxythioquimox (Morestan 25 WP, WP Dicarbam 50).
Fruit borer (Citripestis sagittiferella.)
Part and attacked the fruit.
Symptoms: holes that sap.
Control: pick fruit that is infected then use the insecticide Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP, 24 Nudrin WSC), Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC) which was sprayed on fruit 2-5 weeks old.
Leaf-sucking lice (Helopeltis antonii.)
Part and attacked Helopeltis antonii.
Symptoms: dark brown spots with lighter colored center on shoots and young fruit, fruit spotting accompanied discharge which becomes necrotic.
Control: spray insecticide Fenitrotionmothion (Sumicidine 50 EC), Fenithion (Lebaycid), methamidophos (Tamaron), Methomil (Lannate 25 WP).
Gall borer caterpillar flowers and fruit (Prays sp.)
Parts which are attacked flower buds of sweet orange or grapefruit bes.
Symptoms: ex holes 0.3-0.5 cm in diameter, easily fall flowers, young fruit fall before dark.
Control: use insecticide with the active ingredient Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP) and Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC). Then dispose of the part and attacked.
Thrips (Scirtotfrips citri.)
Who was attacked is part stems and young leaves.
Symptoms: leaves thicken, leaf edges curl upward, leaf bud at the tip turned black, dry and fall, brown scar grayish sometimes accompanied nekrotis.
Control: keep the plant canopy is not too tight and sunlight measuk to the canopy, avoid wearing straw mulch. Then use the insecticide active ingredient Difocol (Kelthane) or Z-propargite (ommittee) during germination.
Ticks dompolon (Planococcus citri.)
Part that was attacked is the fruit stalk.
Symptoms: File yellow, dry and deciduous fruit.
Control: use insektisda Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP), triazophos (Fostathion 40 EC), Carbaryl (Sevin 85 S), Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC). Then prevent the arrival of ant that can move fleas.
Fruit fly (Dacus sp.)
Part that was attacked was that nearly ripe fruit.
Symptoms: a small hole in the middle, deciduous fruits, small maggots inside the fruit.
Control: use insecticide Fenthion (Lebaycid 550 EC), Dimethoathe (Roxion 40 EC, 40 EC Rogor) mixed with pheromone-Methyl eugenol or protein Hydrolisate.
Ticks scales (Lepidosaphes beckii Unaspis citri.)
Part and attacked the leaves, fruit and stems.
Symptoms: yellow leaves, spotting khlorotis and autumn leaves. In the visible symptoms of severe attacks twigs and branches to dry and cracked skin of fruit fall.
Control: use pesticides Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC, 10 G, Basazinon 45/30 EC), Phosphamidon (Dimecron 50 SCW), Dichlorophos (Nogos 50 EC), Methidhation (Supracide 40 EC).
Beetles proboscis (Maeuterpes dentipes.)
Who was attacked is part of the old leaves on the twigs or branches bottom.
Symptoms: autumn leaves, twigs sometimes die young.
Control: improve sanitation garden, reduce humidity rooting. Then use the insecticide Carbaryl (Sevin 85 S) and Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC, 10 G).
7.2. Citrus Disease
CVPD
Cause: The bacterium like organism with the vector fleas that attacked Diaphorina citri.Bagian: central cylinder (phloem) rods.
Symptoms: narrow leaves, small, pointed, small fruits, sour, damaged seeds and orange fruit base.
Control: use healthy plants and free CVPD. In addition to the placement location of the garden of at least 5 km from the orange groves that attacked CVPD. Use insecticides For vector and note that good garden sanitation.
Tristeza
Cause: Citrus tristeza virus vector with Toxoptera. Part and attacked sweet orange, lime, big and orange rootstock Japanese citroen.
Symptoms: the curve of stems, leaves rigid bleaching, veins of leaves, stunted growth.
Control: note the garden sanitation, which destroy infected plants, and vector control with insecticides Supracide or
Cascade.
Woody gall (Vein Enation)
Cause: Citrus Vein Enation virus vector with Toxoptera citridus, Aphis gossypii. Part and attacked: Orange juice, sweet, siem, Rough lemon and Sour
Orange.
Symptoms: irregular protrusions which leaves bones scattered on the leaf surface.
Control: use of virus-free eye patch and note the environmental sanitation.
Blendok
Cause: fungi Diplodia natalensis. Part that is attacked is the trunk or branches.
Symptoms: underarm skin branch produces gum stunner beetles, wood color so grayish, dry skin and flaking.
Control: cutting the infected branches, the cut given karbolineum or fungicides Cu. and fungicides Benomyl 2 times a year.
Powdery mildew
Cause: The fungus Odidium tingitanium. Part that was attacked is the leaves and young stems.
Symptoms: white flour in the leaves and young stems.
Control: use fungicide Pyrazophos (Afugan) and Bupirimate (Nimrot 25 EC).
Mange
Cause: The fungus Sphaceloma fawcetti. Parts which are attacked leaves, stems or fruit.
Symptoms: small patches of cork clear that turned into yellow or orange.
Control: regular pruning. Then use dithiocarbamate fungicide / Benomyl (Benlate).
Rotten fruit
Cause: Penicillium spp. Phytophtora citriphora, Botryodiplodia theobromae. Part and attacked the fruit.
Symptoms: there is flour-flour bluish-green solid on the surface of the skin.
Control: avoid mechanical damage, dip the fruit into hot water / fungicide benpmyl, fruit waxing and trimming the bottom of the tree.
Root and stem rot
Cause: The fungus Phyrophthoranicotianae. Part that was attacked is the root and stem and leaves at the end of the yellow branches.
Symptoms: no fresh shoots, dried plants.
Control: processing and irrigation fine day, sterilizing the soil at planting time, for a minimum of 20 cm tall patch of ground.
Fruit fall prematurely
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Colletotrichum sp. Alternaria sp. Part and attacked: fruit and flowers
Symptoms: two-four weeks before the fall harvest.
Control: Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) or Caprafol.
Mushrooms upas
Cause: Upasia salmonicolor. Who was attacked is part of the stem.
Symptoms: transverse cracks in the rod and discharge gums, stems dry and hard exfoliated.
Control: infected with exfoliated skin and fungicides disaput carbolineum. Then cut the branches that are infected.
Cancer
Cause: The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris Cv. Citri. Parts which are attacked leaves, stems, fruit.
Symptoms: small patches of dark green or yellow along the edges, enlarged wounds and looks like a broken cork with a diameter of 3-5 mm.
Control: Fungicides such as porridge Bordeaux Cu, Copper oxychlorida. Additionally overcome or prevent a worm attack is peliang leaves with eye patch dipping into 1,000 ppm Streptomycin for 1 hour.
8. HARVEST ORANGE8.1. Characteristics and HarvestCitrus fruits harvested at the optimum cook, usually between the ages of 28-36 weeks, depending on species / varieties.8.2. How to HarvestFruit plucked by using pruning shears.8.3. Estimated ProductionOn average, each tree can produce 300-400 pieces per year, sometimes up to 500 pieces per year. Citrus production in Indonesia about 5.1 tons / ha is still under production in temperate countries which can reach 40 tons / ha.9. Postharvest9.1. CollectionIn the garden, the fruit is collected in a place which shade and clean. Separate pieces of low quality which, bruises and fruit waste are damaged. Sorting is done based on the diameter and weight of fruit which usually consist of four classes. Class A is the fruit with the largest diameter and weight while class D has the smallest diameter and weight.9.2. Sorting and ClassificationOnce the fruit is picked and collected, then fruit sorted / separated from that rotten fruit. Then oranges are classified according to size and type.9.3. StorageTo save a citrus fruit, which use a healthy and clean rooms with temperatures 8-10 degrees C.9.4. PackagingBefore shipping, the fruit is packed in bamboo baskets / thick wood that is not too heavy For local needs and cardboard For export. Not too dense packing so that the fruit is not damaged. Fruit arranged in such a way that there is space between the citrus fruit free air but can not move. For citrus packing containers with a capacity of 50-60 kg.10. STANDARD PRODUCTION10.1. ScopeStandard production includes: quality requirements, quality testing method, sampling method and way of packaging.10.2. DescriptionTangerines are the fruit of the plant tangerine (Citrus reticulata Lour) who skinned easy to peel, in a state quite old, whole fresh and clean.10.3. Classification and Quality StandardsTangerines are classified into four (4) sizes of class A, B, C and D, based on the weight of each fruit, which each classified in two (2) types of quality, namely Quality I and Quality II.
Class A: diameter ~ 7.1 cm or ~ 151 g / fruit.
Class B: diameter 6.1 to 7.0 cm or 101-150 g / fruit
Class C: 5.1 to 6.0 cm in diameter or 51-100 grams / fruit
Class D: diameter of 4.0-5.0 cm or ~ 50 g / fruit
The tangerine fruit quality requirements are as follows:
Acidity characteristic varieties: Uniforms, organoleptic test method
The rate of aging: Old, not too ripe, organoleptic test method
Violence: Quite hard, organoleptic test method
Size: less uniform, how to test SP-SMP-309-1981
Damage,% (Tot / Quantity): max 5-10, test methods SP-SMP-310-1981
Stools: free, free, organoleptic test method
Rot% (Tot / Tot): maks.1-2, test methods SP-SMP-311-1981
10.4. SamplingSamples are taken at random from the amount of packaging as shown below. From each sample packs of 20 pieces taken from the upper, middle and lower. The examples were randomized stratified (startified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 20 fruits For analyzed.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) up with 100, an example of which is taken 5.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) with 101 to 300, an example of which is taken 7.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 301-500, an example of which was taken 9.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 501-1000, examples of which are taken 10.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) more than in 1000, an example of which is taken 15 (minimum).
The sampling officer must qualify that people who experienced or trained in advance and has ties with a legal entity.10.5. PackagingCitrus fruit is packed with wooden crates / other materials that match a maximum net weight of 30 kg. Outer packaging is labeled which reads inter alia: the name of the goods, class size, the type of quality, name / code of the company, net weight, country / point of interest, the results of Indonesia, the area of origin.
Thus the article Cultivation Citrus, may be useful.http://budidaya-petani.blogspot.com/2013/02/budidaya-jeruk-lengkap.html
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by. http://168jualbibittanaman.com/
For citrus fruits can make the maximum yield that it needs to be cultivated properly. Here on this blog will be presented on Aquaculture Orange.1. A BRIEF HISTORYCitrus plant is an annual fruit crop which comes from Asia. China is believed to be the first place where oranges grow. Since hundreds of years ago, orange has grown in Indonesia either naturally or cultivated. Existing citrus crop in Indonesia is a relic of the Dutch people who bring sweet oranges and tangerines from America and Italy.2. TYPES OF PLANTS CITRUSThe botanical classification of citrus plants are as follows:
Division: Spermatophyta
Sub Division: Angiospermae
Class: Dicotyledonae
Order: Rutales
Family: Rutaceae
Genus: Citrus
Species: Citrus sp.
Local citrus fruits cultivated in Indonesia is Keprok orange (Citrus reticulata / nobilis L.), oranges Siem (C. microcarpa L. and C.sinensis. L) which consists of Siem Pontianak, Siem Garut, Siem Lumajang, sweet orange (C. . auranticum L. and C.sinensis L.), lemon / lemon (C. medica), grapefruit (C.maxima Herr.) which consists of orange Nambangan-Madium and Bali. For citrus seasoning which consists of lime (C. aurantifolia), grapefruit Purut (C. hystrix) and orange sauce (C. hystix ABC). Oranges introduced varieties which are widely grown varieties of Lemon and Grapefruit. While the local varieties are orange siem, baby orange, tangerine fields, Bali, lemon and lime.Citrus cultivationCitrus cultivation
3. BENEFITS OF PLANTS
Benefits of citrus plants as food fresh fruit or processed foods, which contain vitamin C eminence.
In some countries have produced oil from citrus peel and seeds, molasses, alcohol and pectin from citrus fruits which is wasted. Orange peel oil used to suppress create a perfume, scented soaps, essences For drinks and cake mixes.
Some types of citrus such as lime is used as a traditional medicine for fever, pain reliever upper airway and healing inflammation of the eye.
4. INVESTMENT CENTER ORANGEOrange centers in Indonesia spread includes: Garut (West Java), Tawangmangu (Central Java), Stone (East Java), Tejakula (Bali), Selayar (South Sulawesi), Pontianak (West Kalimantan) and Medan (North Sumatra). Because the virus attacks CVPD (Citrus Vein Phloen Degeneration), several centers of cultivation decreased production which is further aggravated by the orange trade monopoly system which is now no longer valid.5. TERMS GROWING CITRUS5.1. Climate
Wind speed which is more than 40-48% would knock flowers and fruit. For areas that intensity and high wind speeds better plant windbreaks planted with rows perpendicular to the wind direction.
Depending on the species, citrus requires 5-6, 6-7 or 9 months wet (rainy season). The wet months is required For the development of flowers and fruit in order to keep the soil moist. In Indonesia, this plant is in need of water-enough, especially in the months from July to August.
Optimal temperatures between 25-30 ° C but some can still grow normally at 38 ° C. Tangerines Oranges require a temperature of 20 ° C.
All types of citrus do not like places that are protected from sunlight.
For optimum moisture plant growth is about 70-80%.
5.2. Growing media
Both for the cultivation of land which is orange clay to sandy loam with clay fraction 7- 27%, 25-50% of dust and sand <50%, enough humus, water and air system either.
The type of soil and Latosol Andosol very suitable for the cultivation of citrus.
The degree of soil acidity (pH soil) that is suitable for citrus cultivation with optimum pH 5.5-6.5 6.
The optimal groundwater is at a depth of 150-200 cm below the soil surface. In the dry season of 150 cm and 50 cm in the rainy season. Citrus plants like water containing salt around 10%.
Citrus plants can grow well in areas that have a slope of about 30 °
5.3. Height PlacesHigh place where it can be cultivated citrus varies from lowlands to high depending on the species:
Type Keprok Madura, Keprok Tejakula: 1-900 m above sea level.
Type Keprok Batu 55, Keprok Garut: 700-1200 m asl.
Type Sweet Punten, Waturejo, wno, VLO: 300-800 m above sea level.
Siem Type: 1-700 m above sea level.
Large type Nambangan-Madison, Bali, Roll: 1-700 m above sea level.
Japanese Type Kasturi, Kumkuat: 1-1000 m asl.
Type Purut: 1-400 m above sea level.
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING CITRUS6.1. Seeding
1) Requirements for SeedsCitrus seedlings planted banality derived from vegetative propagation form of shoot tip grafting. Seedlings that both disease-free is that, like with the parent (true to type), lush, trunk diameter of 2-3 cm, surface smooth stem, root fibers lot, taproot medium-sized and certified seed breeding.2) Preparation of SeedsSeed banality used for the cultivation of citrus obtained with generative and vegetative.3) Techniques Seeding Seeda) How generativeSeeds taken from the fruit with a way to squeeze the fruit that has been cut. Dried beans in a place that is not exposed for 2-3 days until mucusmissing. Nursery area has fertile soil. 30-4- cm soil depth processed and prepared seedbed plots measuring 1.15 to 1.20 m stretched from north to south. Map the distance of 0.5-1 m. Before planting, apply manure to 1 kg / m². Seeds are planted in the groove with a spacing 1-1.5 x 2 cm and immediately watered. After planting, the nursery was given a roof. Dipindahtanam seedlings in polybags 15 x 35 cm after 20 cm height at the age of 3-5 months. Media grows in a polybag is a mixture of manure and chaff (2: 1) or pupukkandang, husks, sand (1: 1: 1).b) How Vegetative OrangeWhich method is commonly done shoot tip grafting and pasting the eye patch. For either of these need to be prepared rootstock (onderstam / rootstock) which is selected from citrus fruits with strong roots and broad, high environmental adaptability, drought resistant, resistant / tolerant to viral diseases, root rot and nematodes. Rootstock varieties that are commonly used by Japanese breeder citroen, Rough lemon, Cleopatra, Troyer Citrange and Carizzo citrange.
6.2. Media Processing Plant OrangeCitrus crops grown in dry land rice soil / land slope. If planted in a hill should be made swale / terrace. Land that will ditamani cleared from other plants or plant debris. For varying the spacing of each type of citrus can be seen in the following data:Tangerines and Siem: spacing of 5 x 5 mSweet: spacing of 7 x 7 mCitron (Citroen): spacing of 6 x 7 mLime: a spacing of 4 x 4 mGrape fruit: the spacing of 8 x 8 mLarge: a spacing (10-12) x (10-12) mPlanting hole just made on unworked land and made two weeks before the soil. Land in the separated part with the land of topsoil (25 cm). Comes from the top layer of soil mixed with 20 kg of manure. After planting the land returned to its original place. Beds (ridges) measuring 1 x 1 x 1 m is only made if the oranges grown in paddy soil.
6.3. Planting TechniquesCitrus seedlings can be planted in the rainy season or dry season if the available water pot for watering, but it should be planted early in the rainy season. Before planting, needs to be done:
Reduction of leaves and branches superfluous.
Reduction roots.
Setting the position of the root in order to do some folded.
Once the seedlings out in the garden, flush to taste and given a mulch of straw, palm leaves or leaves that are free of disease in the vicinity. Put mulch in such a way so as not to touch the stem to avoid stem rot. Before crop production and editorial overshadow each other, crops can be planted between both legumes / vegetables. After canopy cover each other, between plants to be replaced by grass / legume ground cover that also functions as an enhancer of nitrogen for citrus crops.
6.4. Plant Maintenance
Stitching: Done in plants that do not grow.
Weeding: Weeds cleaned in accordance with the frequency of growth, at the time of fertilization also carried out weeding.
Pembubunan: If planted on sloping ground, to consider whether there is soil around the roots which eroded. The addition of ground needs to be done if the base of the roots have started to appear.
Pruning: Pruning aims For forming the canopy of trees and eliminate the sick branches, dry and unproductive / undesirable. From the early buds which grow leave 3-4 buds on a uniform distance that will eventually form a canopy of trees. In the subsequent growth, each branch has twigs or multiples 3-4. Scar clipping closed fungicidal or wax overcome or prevent disease. We recommend that you first dip the pruning shears into klorox / alcohol. Sick twigs burned or buried in the ground.
Fertilization: Giving fertilizer type and dose (g / plant) after planting are as follows:
1 month: Urea = 100; ZA = 200; TSP = 25; ZK = 100; Dolomite = 20; P.kandang = 20 kg / tan.
2 months: Urea = 200; ZA = 400; TSP = 50; ZK = 200; Dolomite = 40; P.kandang = 40 kg / tan.
3 months: Urea = 300; ZA = 600; TSP = 75; ZK = 300; Dolomite = 60; P.kandang = 60 kg / tan.
4 months: Urea = 400; ZA = 800; TSP = 100; ZK = 400; Dolomite = 80; P.kandang = 80 kg / tan.
5 months: Urea = 500; ZA = 1000; TSP = 125; ZK = 500; Dolomite = 100; P.kandang = 100 kg / tan.
6 months: Urea = 600; ZA = 1200; TSP = 150; ZK = 600; Dolomite = 120; P.kandang = 120 kg / tan.
7 months: Urea = 700; ZA = 1400; TSP = 175; ZK = 700; Dolomite = 140; P.kandang = 140 kg / tan .;
8 months: Urea = 800; ZA = 1600; TSP = 200; ZK = 800; Dolomite = 160; P.kandang = 160 kg / tan.
> 8 months: Urea> 1000; ZA = 2000; TSP = 200; ZK = 800; Dolomite = 200; P.kandang = 200 kg / tan.
Irrigation and Watering: Watering should not inundate the stem roots. Plants are watered at least once a week during the dry season. If less water is available, the soil around the plant digemburkan and closed mulch.
Citrus fruit thinning: In the year in which the fruiting orange trees, thinning needs to be done in order to be able to support tree growth and fruit weight and fruit quality is maintained. Discard fruit includes fruit sick, who are not exposed to the sun (in the shade of the leaves) and excess fruit in one stalk. Remove the fruit at the end of the fruit group contained in one main stalk and leaving only 2-3 pieces.
7. PEST AND DISEASE7.1. Citrus Pests
Flea (D. citri.)
Parts which are attacked stalk, leaf buds, shoots, young leaves.
Symptoms: curly shoots, the plants die.
Control: use of insecticide active ingredient dimethoate (Roxion 40 EC, 40 EC Rogor), Monocrotophos (Azodrin 60 WSC) and endosulfan (Thiodan 3G, Dekasulfan 35 EC and 350 EC). Spraying is done prior to and during sprout, addition flue part and attacked.
Aphids (Toxoptera citridus Aurantii, Aphis gossypii.)
Is part and attacked the young shoots and flowers.
Symptoms: The leaves curl and lasting until the leaves mature.
Control: using insecticide with the active ingredient Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC), Dimethoate (Perfecthion, Rogor 40 EC, Cygon), Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC), Phosphamidon (Dimecron 50 SCW), Malathion (Gisonthion 50 EC).
Peliang caterpillar leaves (Phyllocnistis citrella.)
Is part and attacked the young leaves.
Symptoms: transparent or silvery circular grooves, shoots / young leaves wrinkle, roll, fall.
Control: spray insecticide with the active ingredient Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC, Basudin 60 EC), Malathion (Gisonthion 50 EC, 50 WP) <Diazinon (Basazinon 45/30 EC). Then the leaves are picked and buried in the ground.
Mites (Tenuipalsus sp., Eriophyes sheldoni Tetranychus sp)
Parts which are attacked stalks, leaves and fruit.
Symptoms: silvery patches on fruit or chocolate and yellow or brown spots on the leaves.
Control: spray insecticide propargite (ommittee), Cyhexation (Plictran), Dicofol (Kelthane), Oxythioquimox (Morestan 25 WP, WP Dicarbam 50).
Fruit borer (Citripestis sagittiferella.)
Part and attacked the fruit.
Symptoms: holes that sap.
Control: pick fruit that is infected then use the insecticide Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP, 24 Nudrin WSC), Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC) which was sprayed on fruit 2-5 weeks old.
Leaf-sucking lice (Helopeltis antonii.)
Part and attacked Helopeltis antonii.
Symptoms: dark brown spots with lighter colored center on shoots and young fruit, fruit spotting accompanied discharge which becomes necrotic.
Control: spray insecticide Fenitrotionmothion (Sumicidine 50 EC), Fenithion (Lebaycid), methamidophos (Tamaron), Methomil (Lannate 25 WP).
Gall borer caterpillar flowers and fruit (Prays sp.)
Parts which are attacked flower buds of sweet orange or grapefruit bes.
Symptoms: ex holes 0.3-0.5 cm in diameter, easily fall flowers, young fruit fall before dark.
Control: use insecticide with the active ingredient Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP) and Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC). Then dispose of the part and attacked.
Thrips (Scirtotfrips citri.)
Who was attacked is part stems and young leaves.
Symptoms: leaves thicken, leaf edges curl upward, leaf bud at the tip turned black, dry and fall, brown scar grayish sometimes accompanied nekrotis.
Control: keep the plant canopy is not too tight and sunlight measuk to the canopy, avoid wearing straw mulch. Then use the insecticide active ingredient Difocol (Kelthane) or Z-propargite (ommittee) during germination.
Ticks dompolon (Planococcus citri.)
Part that was attacked is the fruit stalk.
Symptoms: File yellow, dry and deciduous fruit.
Control: use insektisda Methomyl (Lannate 25 WP), triazophos (Fostathion 40 EC), Carbaryl (Sevin 85 S), Methidathion (Supracide 40 EC). Then prevent the arrival of ant that can move fleas.
Fruit fly (Dacus sp.)
Part that was attacked was that nearly ripe fruit.
Symptoms: a small hole in the middle, deciduous fruits, small maggots inside the fruit.
Control: use insecticide Fenthion (Lebaycid 550 EC), Dimethoathe (Roxion 40 EC, 40 EC Rogor) mixed with pheromone-Methyl eugenol or protein Hydrolisate.
Ticks scales (Lepidosaphes beckii Unaspis citri.)
Part and attacked the leaves, fruit and stems.
Symptoms: yellow leaves, spotting khlorotis and autumn leaves. In the visible symptoms of severe attacks twigs and branches to dry and cracked skin of fruit fall.
Control: use pesticides Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC, 10 G, Basazinon 45/30 EC), Phosphamidon (Dimecron 50 SCW), Dichlorophos (Nogos 50 EC), Methidhation (Supracide 40 EC).
Beetles proboscis (Maeuterpes dentipes.)
Who was attacked is part of the old leaves on the twigs or branches bottom.
Symptoms: autumn leaves, twigs sometimes die young.
Control: improve sanitation garden, reduce humidity rooting. Then use the insecticide Carbaryl (Sevin 85 S) and Diazinon (Basudin 60 EC, 10 G).
7.2. Citrus Disease
CVPD
Cause: The bacterium like organism with the vector fleas that attacked Diaphorina citri.Bagian: central cylinder (phloem) rods.
Symptoms: narrow leaves, small, pointed, small fruits, sour, damaged seeds and orange fruit base.
Control: use healthy plants and free CVPD. In addition to the placement location of the garden of at least 5 km from the orange groves that attacked CVPD. Use insecticides For vector and note that good garden sanitation.
Tristeza
Cause: Citrus tristeza virus vector with Toxoptera. Part and attacked sweet orange, lime, big and orange rootstock Japanese citroen.
Symptoms: the curve of stems, leaves rigid bleaching, veins of leaves, stunted growth.
Control: note the garden sanitation, which destroy infected plants, and vector control with insecticides Supracide or
Cascade.
Woody gall (Vein Enation)
Cause: Citrus Vein Enation virus vector with Toxoptera citridus, Aphis gossypii. Part and attacked: Orange juice, sweet, siem, Rough lemon and Sour
Orange.
Symptoms: irregular protrusions which leaves bones scattered on the leaf surface.
Control: use of virus-free eye patch and note the environmental sanitation.
Blendok
Cause: fungi Diplodia natalensis. Part that is attacked is the trunk or branches.
Symptoms: underarm skin branch produces gum stunner beetles, wood color so grayish, dry skin and flaking.
Control: cutting the infected branches, the cut given karbolineum or fungicides Cu. and fungicides Benomyl 2 times a year.
Powdery mildew
Cause: The fungus Odidium tingitanium. Part that was attacked is the leaves and young stems.
Symptoms: white flour in the leaves and young stems.
Control: use fungicide Pyrazophos (Afugan) and Bupirimate (Nimrot 25 EC).
Mange
Cause: The fungus Sphaceloma fawcetti. Parts which are attacked leaves, stems or fruit.
Symptoms: small patches of cork clear that turned into yellow or orange.
Control: regular pruning. Then use dithiocarbamate fungicide / Benomyl (Benlate).
Rotten fruit
Cause: Penicillium spp. Phytophtora citriphora, Botryodiplodia theobromae. Part and attacked the fruit.
Symptoms: there is flour-flour bluish-green solid on the surface of the skin.
Control: avoid mechanical damage, dip the fruit into hot water / fungicide benpmyl, fruit waxing and trimming the bottom of the tree.
Root and stem rot
Cause: The fungus Phyrophthoranicotianae. Part that was attacked is the root and stem and leaves at the end of the yellow branches.
Symptoms: no fresh shoots, dried plants.
Control: processing and irrigation fine day, sterilizing the soil at planting time, for a minimum of 20 cm tall patch of ground.
Fruit fall prematurely
Cause: The fungus Fusarium sp. Colletotrichum sp. Alternaria sp. Part and attacked: fruit and flowers
Symptoms: two-four weeks before the fall harvest.
Control: Fungicides Benomyl (Benlate) or Caprafol.
Mushrooms upas
Cause: Upasia salmonicolor. Who was attacked is part of the stem.
Symptoms: transverse cracks in the rod and discharge gums, stems dry and hard exfoliated.
Control: infected with exfoliated skin and fungicides disaput carbolineum. Then cut the branches that are infected.
Cancer
Cause: The bacterium Xanthomonas campestris Cv. Citri. Parts which are attacked leaves, stems, fruit.
Symptoms: small patches of dark green or yellow along the edges, enlarged wounds and looks like a broken cork with a diameter of 3-5 mm.
Control: Fungicides such as porridge Bordeaux Cu, Copper oxychlorida. Additionally overcome or prevent a worm attack is peliang leaves with eye patch dipping into 1,000 ppm Streptomycin for 1 hour.
8. HARVEST ORANGE8.1. Characteristics and HarvestCitrus fruits harvested at the optimum cook, usually between the ages of 28-36 weeks, depending on species / varieties.8.2. How to HarvestFruit plucked by using pruning shears.8.3. Estimated ProductionOn average, each tree can produce 300-400 pieces per year, sometimes up to 500 pieces per year. Citrus production in Indonesia about 5.1 tons / ha is still under production in temperate countries which can reach 40 tons / ha.9. Postharvest9.1. CollectionIn the garden, the fruit is collected in a place which shade and clean. Separate pieces of low quality which, bruises and fruit waste are damaged. Sorting is done based on the diameter and weight of fruit which usually consist of four classes. Class A is the fruit with the largest diameter and weight while class D has the smallest diameter and weight.9.2. Sorting and ClassificationOnce the fruit is picked and collected, then fruit sorted / separated from that rotten fruit. Then oranges are classified according to size and type.9.3. StorageTo save a citrus fruit, which use a healthy and clean rooms with temperatures 8-10 degrees C.9.4. PackagingBefore shipping, the fruit is packed in bamboo baskets / thick wood that is not too heavy For local needs and cardboard For export. Not too dense packing so that the fruit is not damaged. Fruit arranged in such a way that there is space between the citrus fruit free air but can not move. For citrus packing containers with a capacity of 50-60 kg.10. STANDARD PRODUCTION10.1. ScopeStandard production includes: quality requirements, quality testing method, sampling method and way of packaging.10.2. DescriptionTangerines are the fruit of the plant tangerine (Citrus reticulata Lour) who skinned easy to peel, in a state quite old, whole fresh and clean.10.3. Classification and Quality StandardsTangerines are classified into four (4) sizes of class A, B, C and D, based on the weight of each fruit, which each classified in two (2) types of quality, namely Quality I and Quality II.
Class A: diameter ~ 7.1 cm or ~ 151 g / fruit.
Class B: diameter 6.1 to 7.0 cm or 101-150 g / fruit
Class C: 5.1 to 6.0 cm in diameter or 51-100 grams / fruit
Class D: diameter of 4.0-5.0 cm or ~ 50 g / fruit
The tangerine fruit quality requirements are as follows:
Acidity characteristic varieties: Uniforms, organoleptic test method
The rate of aging: Old, not too ripe, organoleptic test method
Violence: Quite hard, organoleptic test method
Size: less uniform, how to test SP-SMP-309-1981
Damage,% (Tot / Quantity): max 5-10, test methods SP-SMP-310-1981
Stools: free, free, organoleptic test method
Rot% (Tot / Tot): maks.1-2, test methods SP-SMP-311-1981
10.4. SamplingSamples are taken at random from the amount of packaging as shown below. From each sample packs of 20 pieces taken from the upper, middle and lower. The examples were randomized stratified (startified random sampling) to obtain a minimum of 20 fruits For analyzed.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) up with 100, an example of which is taken 5.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) with 101 to 300, an example of which is taken 7.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 301-500, an example of which was taken 9.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) 501-1000, examples of which are taken 10.
The amount of packaging in the party (lot) more than in 1000, an example of which is taken 15 (minimum).
The sampling officer must qualify that people who experienced or trained in advance and has ties with a legal entity.10.5. PackagingCitrus fruit is packed with wooden crates / other materials that match a maximum net weight of 30 kg. Outer packaging is labeled which reads inter alia: the name of the goods, class size, the type of quality, name / code of the company, net weight, country / point of interest, the results of Indonesia, the area of origin.
Thus the article Cultivation Citrus, may be useful.http://budidaya-petani.blogspot.com/2013/02/budidaya-jeruk-lengkap.html
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