cultivation way sengon

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Cultivation SengonWood from the past until now is a commodity with high economic value. Timber demand never subsided so that timber production began experiencing shrinkage, as well as due as a result of forest destruction in Indonesia. While on the other hand, the needs of timber for building materials growing with increasing population. The problem of wood scarcity is becoming a problem, on the other hand can also be a profitable opportunity. Wood is a natural resource of which can be Replaces. When farmers are able and willing cultivated woody plants, of course, their welfare can be improved.Cultivation of timber in Indonesia, especially in Java has many obstacles. One common constraint is the limited cultivated land. There are more diintensifnya land for agriculture rather than as land for community forests. Agriculture has become things that can not be abandoned by the majority of Indonesian people because agriculture is the main livelihood. To be able to cultivate the types of woody plants, planting methods are needed using intercropping systems where these systems combine crops with woody plants together in a field.Selection of the type of crop to be planted in intercropping systems is critical to the success of intercropping system itself. Sengon tree named latin Paraserientes falcataria is a group of forestry plants with high growth rate and the cycle is quite short (6-8 years). Sengon cultivation can be carried out optimally at an altitude of about 400 -700 meters above sea level, therefore sengon very suitable for cultivation in the highlands. Sengon plant has a small leaf type and pattern of canopy that is not too tight, therefore the plants underneath still get enough sunlight. From these properties, sengon very suitable to be used as a staple crop in the intercropping system. Meanwhile, between the plants to be planted beneath them can form tubers, corn, elephant grass, cassava, and of the type of medicinal. 
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 Cultivation sengon using intercropping system highly expected to raise the welfare of farmers because besides they benefited from agricultural products, farmers can also get additional results from harvest sengon. Sengon tree wood has high economic value in addition to the marketing that is easy anyway. In order to get the maximum crop, intercropping systems need to be implemented in the right way.Cultivation Sengon using intercropping systemThe most decisive success in intercropping systems the spacing of planting. Spacing should be regulated so that the intensity of sunlight and the needs can be met, both for staple crops and crops sidelines. When planting distance is very close, will inhibit the growth of the plant so that the results are less than optimal. Another thing that will determine the success of planting is the width of the canopy, soil conditions, canopy density, state of the shade and root characteristics.Spacing most ideal for staple crops (ie sengon) is 4 x 1 m, while in the distance of 2 m between the staple crops can be planted with crops interrupted. Planting patterns are applied using an array direction east to west, it is intended that sunlight can break into circulation every day in the direction of the sun from east to west.In addition, no less important to note is the height between the plants should not exceed the height of staple crops. It is intended that does not inhibit the growth of staple crops. Preferably, the plant between staple crops planted after reaching the age of 1 year, so that the principal crop is higher than 1 m between plants. The adequacy of nutrients in the soil also has an important role, so that the intensity of fertilization should be kept regularly so that the nutritional needs remain guaranteed. Own staple crop fertilization should be done since the planting hole is made. Staple crop planting hole to be made one month before the main crop is planted, with a size of 40 x 40 x 40 cm. Fertilizer is given by mixing chemical fertilizers (TSP, Urea, KCL, NPK,) as much as 2 ounces and compost as much as 2 kg to each planting hole. While the continuation of fertilization can be done based on need.In addition to the factors fertilization, necessary maintenance on staple crops such prunning (ie, pruning branches). Prunning should be conducted regularly in order to avoid branching to the main plant stem. Meanwhile, supplementary planting in order to replace the dead plants can be done up to the age of 2 years stepped staple crops. When the staple crops reached the age of 3-4 years, immediately do the thinning slash up to 50% of the population. This is done to adjust the density so that sengon can grow optimally. Felling for thinning can be done by selecting which trees grow poorly or have a disability stems. Sengon can be harvested when the tread 6 years old and sengon trunk diameter to approximately 30 cm.Gains and Cost AnalysisSengon cultivation cost analysis done by ignoring the total cost of planting crops along the sidelines of the advantages of the harvest. For an area of ​​1 hectare, arable crops sengon up to 2500 trees. When logging thinning is done by 50%, then it would leave 1,250 trees. When the mortality (death) sengon reaches 10%, then the next will be obtained yields sengon number of 1,125 trees. Assuming a 30 cm diameter trunk, then every 1 m3 of wood sengon can load approximately 5 trees. So yields sengon reach approximately 225 m3 of wood. For the price of timber in the market sengon now reached Rp 750.000, - / 1 m3. Thus, yields sengon reached about Rp.168.750.000, -Sengon including planting costs include the cost of rent for the land, the purchase of seeds, land preparation, fertilization, and care. If the cost required from planting to harvest is estimated at Rp.50.000.000, - then the profits derived from the cultivation of crops for the harvest sengon (± 6 years) is Rp. 108 750 000, -.Typically, landowners apply intercropping systems as well as to cover living expenses keeper, such as by planting species of onion, chili pepper, and sweet corn. Chili pepper and onion require full sun, therefore intercropping can only be applied before the trees grow tall.Intercropping in plantations sengonAlthough sengon plant known as the harvest crops with the fastest, but the waiting period of up to 5 years for investors certainly very drab. To overcome the boredom, the variation with intercropping is very important. Intercropping can also help farmers generate income in the short term. You need to remember that you should never apply the mechanism intercropping with plant species such as peanuts, cassava, and hard wood species such as jengkol, banana, mango, rambutan, especially teak.That bit of information about the cultivation of sengon intercropping systems. Quite interesting for those of you who want variety planting other than monotonous pattern and also able to bring in additional profit.

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 Agroforestry
groforestry or agroforestry is a form of resource management that combines forest management activities or woody trees with planting commodities or short-term crops, such as agricultural crops. Agro-forestry models ranging from simple agroforestry species of tree planting in the form of a combination with one or two agricultural commodities, to the complex agroforestry that combines the management of many species of trees with various types of agricultural crops, and even with livestock or fisheries.
In the form of a known general, agroforestry include all manner of mixed farms, moor woodlands, fields, fallow (shrub), home garden, to the plantations of the people richer kind as it is known in the likeness talun in West Java, repong in West Lampung, interspace in West Sumatra, tembawang (tiwmawakng) in West Kalimantan, simpung (simpukng) and lembo in East Kalimantan, and other forms in various regions in Indonesia.
Table of contents

    1 Essence agroforestry
    2 Agroforestry simple
    3 Agroforestry complex
    4 See also
    5 References
    6 External links
The essence of agroforestryRepong damar cat eyes in Pahmungan, the Central Coast, the West Coast (Krui); one form of agroforestry complexSengon plants blend with pondoh in the layer below it. Leksono, Wonosobo
Various forms of this actually reflects a strategy agroforestry resource management by farmers. Unlike the great estates managed by the company, most of the gardens or community forests are managed not only to produce a commodity or product. Farmers generally expect gardens or fields can result in major food crops (eg, rice or corn), or crops of high economic value (such as coffee, cloves, rubber etc.), Coupled with other products that are subsistence such as firewood, spice plants and medicine, fodder, various other results.
Variations of the elements in the agro-forestry or less can be simplified, as follows .:

    a combination of perennials (long-term: trees) with seasonal crops (short-term agricultural)
    a blend of major crops (food sources, commodity economy) with the plant side
    a mix of crops to plant supporters (eg coffee or cocoa, with trees peneduhnya)
    fusion plants with the season or harvest time is different: dry rice, cucumber, coffee, amber Matakucing, durian.
    trees blend with the management of fisheries (pond, pond, reservoir), also known as Silvofishery
    blend with livestock raising (silvopasture) or apiculture: forests as producers of animal feed or bees, like in Sumbawa.
Simple agroforestry
As reflected by its name, simple agroforestry consists of a small number of constituent elements of the system: one or two types of trees mixed with one or a few types of agricultural crops.Mixtures of teak with annual crops such as cassava and others. Kedung Keris, Nglipar, Gunung Kidul
Simple patterns is often practiced farmers to maximize yields, especially in densely populated areas. Turi trees, kapok, or identity is often planted on the embankment or as limiting rice plots or moor, where annual crops are planted. Turi help fertilize the soil and flowers are used as a vegetable; kapok kapok bear fruit; and of teak wood expected that expensive. Another form is orange or mango crop, which is planted on mounds of land in the middle of rice fields.
On the other hand, a similar pattern utilized in building the forest. Intercropping patterns in planting teak or pine forests in Java, is a simple form of agroforestry. In intercropping, farmers are allowed to maintain pesanggem dry rice, corn, cassava and others on the sidelines of an array of staple crops forestry (teak, pine, etc.) Were newly planted. Usually in the third or fourth year, after merimbun forest plants and shade the soil, intercropping contract expires.
Agroforestry science classic (classic agroforestry) struggling with agro-forestry models simple.Agroforestry complex
Agroforestry complex (complex agroforestry systems) or a true agroforestry is a complex blend of various elements of agroforestry above, which in turn also provide a variety of results or benefits in the period and the interaction is not limited. In the end, this agroforestry has the structure and dynamics of ecosystems similar to natural forests, with a diversity of flora and fauna is relatively high.Agroforestry durian. Wailed village, Karanganyar, Pekalongan
Agroforestry complex is a further development of agroforestry simple, although most simple agroforestry pattern that has been steady growth does not always continue to be a more complicated system. Besides determined by population density and limited land -as konsekuensinya-, not the development of agroforestry simple becomes complex also likely to be determined by the local climate and soil conditions. Cultural complex agroforestry so far developed in areas originally a tropical rain forest which has a similar structure.
Almost always, agroforestry complex originated from fields enriched. Cultivation system usually begins with the opening of primary forest or secondary forest, cutting down and burning the wood, and planted with food crops or vegetables for one or two cycles. Once the field is enriched with cash crops such as coffee or cocoa, or rattan, the results of which can be harvested between the 5th to 15th; or left wilder as fallow land and then into woods back. Later, the woods will be reopened as a field where the soil fertility has been deemed recoverable.
In the case of complex agroforestry, fields that have enriched not wilder then allowed back into the thicket, but further enriched with tree species that produce. Such as fruit-bearing trees (durian, Duku, jackfruit, banana, etc.), Gum (Matakucing resin, gum, incense, rambung), timber or firewood, and others. After a dozen years ago, this farm has been turned into a forest of artificial (man-made forest) which produces various types of products, which can last up to tens of years into the future.


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Similar Mango Tree Man
Resemble humans. A tree in the Village of Ulu Ale invite the attention of many people because the model is unique, resembling a human model that is being telentan Symbol Rape Colonization Period
At first glance, the mango tree in the road axis Rappang - Pare Pare, Kelurah Uluale, District Wattang Pulu is just a normal manganese tree. However, when considered carefully, the bottom of the tree resembles the human form while on her back with her legs raised and his head up. The position at the side of the road axis, make this place crowded. Even sometimes the riders took a stop for a moment to watch this tree up close. Even sometimes there are trees to preserve it by photographing it.
As Monday. One motorist origin Tana Tiaraja, Ridwan who happened by on the road, stop for a moment took a look at the tree.
"From the story develops, I wondered, to this day, I took time to look straight tree-like people," he said.
Ridwan himself admitted that he was amazed at the tree model. "Utterly like human models," he said.
One local resident who sells cendo not far from the unique tree, Suri said that mango tree is owned by residents named H Gani. According to Suri, initially fallen mango tree until the tree grows and resembles a human body model is being supine.
"Actually, first, the tree fell, and then grows back, eventually the model as it is. Kayak manusiami," he said in dialeg bugis.
In that place he said, once the murder and rape committed by the Dutch penjanjahan very sadistic manner, exactly the location of the mango growing.
"After the girl was raped, the penjajahsaat it divides the chest and save the mango seed in his chest that had been cleaved it, then after that the girl's corpse was buried in the place where this tree grows," said Sunre.
And after the trees grow, said Sunre, was unique shape, resembling the shape of the human body.


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How to Plant Seeds Mango

Find the parent plant mango. The most appropriate way to obtain seeds that will grow well in your neighborhood is to seek parent plants around you. Mango trees around you who produce delicious fruit will provide seed suitable for your environment. If you live in warm temperate regions with mild winters, you might be able to find healthy mango trees around your house.
        If you can not find a mango tree, you can order seeds or buy it at the store. Make sure you choose the type of mango that has been known to grow well in the area where you live.
        You can also plant the seeds of a fruit that you buy at the supermarket. However, this mango seed will have a smaller chance to be able to grow in your environment, especially when the mangoes are from other countries. However, it never hurts to try!
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    2
    Check the mango seed to determine whether the seeds can grow. Cut mango seeds to open skin. Cut the outer skin of the seeds carefully to remove the mango seed. A healthy mango seed will appear dark and fresh. Mango seed often wrinkled and gray if it is too long in cold temperatures. You can not plant a mango seed that has been wrinkled like this. [1]
        Cut mango flesh as close as possible to the seeds. Place the mango in the palm of your hand, and slowly cut the meat on both sides of mango, cut the flesh into cubes measuring about 2 cm x 2 cm. Then behind the mangoes and remove flesh. Eating mangoes straight from the peel, or separate them with a spoon and put into a bowl.
        You can use gloves to protect your skin from the mango sap that can irritate the skin.
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    3
    Determine methods for preparing seed. You can dry, or soak the seeds, as described next.
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Seed drying

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    1
    Pat dry with paper grain. Put in a sunny and dry for about 3 weeks. Afterwards, with one hand, try to open the seeds, but do not split in two; You only need a little to separate the two halves of the seed and let it dry for one more week.
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    2
    Put in fertile soil and have good drainage in the container. Dig a hole as deep as 20 cm. With seeds convex part pointing downwards, insert the seed into the soil.
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    3
    Sirami well. Water every day or every few days depending on the state of the ground. After about 4 hngga 6 weeks, you will probably start seeing your mango tree setinggi100 mm up to 200 mm. Depending on the type of mango that before you choose, the color of your tree may be dark purple, black or bright green.
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    4
    Plant them in containers that allow roots to grow healthy and well. Then when ready, move it to the garden.
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Soaking the seeds
You can use this method to replace the drying method if you want to.

    Plant a Seed Mango Step 8 Version 2.jpg
    1
    Peel mango seed. Exfoliate the outermost part of mango seed to make it easier to grow. Make small pieces of mango seed or rub the outer part to the outer layers peeled off.
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    2
    Soak mango seed. Place the mango seeds in a small container of water, and place the container in a warm place such as a cabinet. Soak mango seed for 24 hours.
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    3
    Lift the seed out of the container and wrap with a damp paper. BJI wrap in a plastic bag that the corners hollow. Keep the paper stays moist and wait for the seeds begin to germinate - usually about 1 to 2 weeks. Make sure the seeds are stored in a warm and humid to help growth. [2]
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    4
    Prepare a pot of mango seedlings. Start planting your seedlings in pots. Choose a size large enough to hold the seeds and fill with a mixture of potting soil and compost. You can plant a mango seed directly into the soil, but grow it in pots will allow you to control the temperature during the initial period of growth. [3]
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    5
    Sunlight will strengthen the mango seed. Put the pot outside in the sun most of that mango seeds will be familiar with sunshine, hardened before being moved to a place that gets full sun.
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Method 2 of 2: Planting Seeds

    Plant a Seed Mango Step 13.jpg
    1
    Move to a mango seeds that get full sun. Choose areas that receive full sunlight to grow your mango seed. Make sure this place is where you want it, because the mango tree will grow big!
        When planting in the last position, look for locations in the backyard of the house that has good drainage. Think also to the next, select an area that does not interfere with other buildings, or underground pipes, or electrical wires.
        Move the seedlings after a healthy root system and well formed. The thickness of the base rod mango should reach about 5 cm.
        You can let the plants remain in pots if you want a small mango tree. Planting in pots is an ideal solution if you live in cold climates so that you can enter the pot into the house when the outside temperature drops.
    Plant a Seed Mango Step 14.jpg
    2
    Mango seed planting. Dig a hole with a size large enough to root mango seed. The size of the hole should be three times the size of the roots. Add a third of a quality potting mix media, one-third sand garden, and the rest is filled with soil. Place the seeds in the hole, pat the soil around it, and flush with water.
        Be careful that the seeds are not broken when planted.
        Keep the plant stem young mango is not to peel off at the bottom.
    Plant a Seed Mango Step 15.jpg
    3
    Water the plants regularly mango and use less fertilizer. Mango plant takes at least 4 to 5 years to bear fruit. These plants need a long time to be ready to bear fruit but worth the wait.
        Do not give too much fertilizer. Because the consequences of your plants will produce more leaves than fruit.

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How to Complete Avocado Cultivation
1. A BRIEF HISTORY ALPUKATPlants avocado is a fruit plant a tree with the name alpuket (West Java), avocado (East Java / Central Java), boah pokat, Jamboo pokat (Batak), advocates, Jamboo butter, Jamboo pooan, pookat (Lampung) and others. Avocado crop comes from the lowland / Central America and the expected high into Indonesia in the 18th century. Officially between the years 1920-1930 Indonesia had introduced 20 varieties of avocados from Central America and the United States to obtain improved varieties in order to improve health and nutrition, especially in the highlands. - BRIEF HISTORY ALPUKAT
2. TYPES OF PLANTS ALPUKATDetailed classification of avocado crops are as follows:Division: SpermatophytaChildren Division: AngiospermaeClass: DicotyledoneaeNation: RanalesFamily: LauraceaeMarga: PerseaVarieties: Persea americana Mill
Based on the ecological properties, avocado plant consists of three types of heredity / race, namely :.1) Race MexicoHailing from the highlands of Mexico and Equador semi-tropical climates with altitudes between 2400-2800 m above sea level. This race has leaves and fruit that smells of anise. Flowering period until the fruit can be harvested approximately 6 months. Small fruit with 100-225 gram weight, the shape of the ellipse (oval), short-stemmed, thin and smooth skin. Large seed meets the fruit cavity. Fruit pulp has an oil content / fat the most high. This race is resistant to cold temperatures.2) Ras GuatemalaHailing from the highlands of Central America sub-tropical climate with a height of about 800-2400 m above sea level. This race is less resistant to cold temperatures (tolerance to -4.5 degrees C). Leaves no smell of fennel. The fruit has a large enough size, weighing between 200-2300 grams, thick rind, hard, easily broken and rough (berbintil-nodule). Ripe fruit between 9-12 months after flowering. Seeds are relatively small and tightly clinging Dlm cavity, with the inherent seed coat. Fruit pulp has an oil content that was.3) Ras West IndiesDerived from lowland Central America and South America who tropical, with an altitude below 800 m above sea level. This variety is very sensitive to low temperatures, with tolerance of up to minus 2 degrees C. odorless fennel leaves, leaf color brighter than the others with two races. The fruit is large with weight between 400-2300 grams, short stalks, fruit peel somewhat slippery clay and thick. Ripe fruit 6-9 months after flowering. Seeds large and often loose in Dlm cavity, pieces of coarse grains. Oil content and flesh lowest.Avocado varieties in Indonesia can be classified into two, namely:1) yielding varietiesSuperior properties include higher production, tolerant to pests and diseases, uniform fruit oval and medium-sized, fleshgood quality and no fiber, attached to a small grain seed cavity, as well as fruit skin slippery. Up with the date of January 14, 1987, the Minister of Agriculturehas established two superior varieties of avocado, namely the long green avocado and green circular. The properties of both varieties, among others:

    Tree height: 5-8 m long green avocado, avocado green round 6-8 m.
    Leaf shape: long green avocado long round with flat edge, avocado green round round long with wavy edges.
    Grain, green avocado continuous length, depending on the location and soil fertility, avocado green circular constantly, depending on the location and soil fertility.
    Fruit Weight: 0.3-0.5 kg long green avocado, avocado green round 0.3-0.4 kg.
    Fruit shape: long green avocado pear shape (pyriform), avocado green rounded oval (oblong).
    Fruit flavors: avocado green long-tasty, savory, somewhat soft, round green avocado tasty, savory, somewhat dry.
    Diameter of fruit: avocado green 6.5-10 cm long (an average of 8 cm), avocado green circular 7.5 cm.
    The length of fruit: avocado green from 11.5 to 18 cm long (average 14 cm), avocado green round 9 cm.
    Results: Long green avocado 40-80 kg / tree / year (average 50 kg), avocado green round 20-60 kg / tree / year (an average of 30 kg).
2) Other varietiesVarieties of this group are avocado germplasm Installation Research & Technology Assessment, Tlekung, Malang. Some varieties of avocados that contained in Tlekung experimental garden, Malang is a long red avocado, red round, dickson, butler, winslowson, Benik, puebla, furete, Collinson, waldin, Ganter, mexcola, duke, ryan, Leucadia, queen & edranol. - TYPES OF PLANTS ALPUKAT
3. BENEFITS OF PLANT ALPUKATAvocado plant parts which are widely used as food fruit fresh fruit. Besides the use of the flesh of an avocado that common European community is used as a food ingredient that is processed in various cuisines. Another benefit of the flesh of an avocado is a basic material for cosmetics. Other parts that can be used is that of young leaves as traditional medicine (medicine kidney stones, arthritis). - BENEFIT PLANT ALPUKAT
4. INVESTMENT CENTER ALPUKATAvocado producing countries Dlm large scale is America (Florida, California, Hawaii), Australia, Cuba, Argentina, and South Africa. Over the years Americans had an avocado orchard which constantly increasing. In Indonesia, the plant avocado is still the garden plants, yet cultivated Dlm scale farming. Avocado producing areas are West Java, East Java, parts of Sumatra, South Sulawesi, and Nusa Tenggara. - INVESTMENT CENTER ALPUKAT
5. TERMS OF PLANT GROWTH ALPUKAT5.1. Climate.

    Wind is required by avocado crop, especially for pollination process. However, with the wind speed of 62.4 to 73.6 km / h may be able to break twigs and branches avocado plants which belong to the soft, brittle and easily broken.
    The minimum rainfall for growth is 750-1000 mm / year. West Indies and cross-bred races thrive in the lowland tropics with rainfall of 2500 mm / year. For areas with rainfall of less than the minimum requirement (2-6 dry months), avocado plants can still grow origin of ground water depth up to 2 m.
    The need sunlight for growth ranging from 40-80% avocado. Mexico and Guatemala to race more resistant to cold weather and dry climate, when compared with the West Indies race.
    The optimal temperature for growth avocado ranged from 12.8 to 28.3 degrees C. Given the avocado plant can be grown in the lowlands to highlands, avocado plants can tolerate temperatures between 15-30 degrees C or more. The amount of the avocado crop cardinal temperature depends races respectively, among other races Mexico has a tolerance to -7 degrees C, Guatemala to -4.5 degrees C, and the West Indies to 2 degrees C.
5.2. Growing media

    Avocado plant that grows optimally need loose soil, not easily flooded, (drainage / sewage which is good), fertile and contains a lot of organic material.
    The type of soil that is good for the growth of the avocado is the type of sandy loam soil (sandy loam), clay loam (clay loam) and clay sediment (alluvial loam).
    The acidity of the soil that is good for the growth of avocado ranges from slightly acid to neutral pH (5.6 to 6.4). If the pH is below 5.5 the plants will suffer poisoning because the elements Al, Mg, and Fe dissolved in quantities that quite a lot. Conversely at pH above 6.5 some functional elements such as Fe, Mg, and Zn is reduced.
5.3. Height PlacesIn general, avocado crops can be grown in the lowlands to highlands, ie 5-1500 m asl. However, these plants will thrive with a satisfactory result at the height of 200-1000 m above sea level. For plants of Mexico and Guatemala avocado races more suitable to be planted in an area with an altitude of 1000-2000 m., While the West Indies race at an altitude 5-1000 m asl. - TERMS OF PLANT GROWTH ALPUKAT
6. GUIDELINES FOR RAISING ALPUKAT6.1. Seeding1) Requirements for SeedsSeeds which, among others, derived either froma) fruit which is quite old.b) The fruit does not fall until rupture.c) Procurement of more than one kind of seed to ensure the possibility of persarian crossed.2) Preparation of SeedsUntil now only obtainable avocado seed generative (via seeds) and vegetative (grafting shoots / graft and splicing eye / grafting).Of the three ways, the seeds obtained from the seeds which are less profitable because the old plant fruiting (6-8 years) and there is the possibility that the fruit produced is different with its parent. While the results of grafting and graft seedlings faster fruiting (1-4 years) and fruit which have acquired the same properties with the parent.3) Techniques Seeding Seeda) Splicing shoots (graft)Principal tree that used to graft is a plant that has been aged 6-7 months / can also reply 1 year old, plants derived from seeds derived from the fruit that was old and ripe, height 30 cm / less, and that is important at the base network not woody stems. As branch joints used the tip of his young branches and approximately 0.7 cm in diameter. The limb is cut sloping in accordance with the existing gap on the subject of trees along more than 10 cm, and then inserted into Dlm principal parts of a tree beside which tied / wrapped. Materials that are good to tie rubber bands, plastic, raffia / waxy cloth. We recommend connecting the principal tree made as low as possible so as not to be able buds on staple crops. Graft-graft which has been spliced ​​put in the shade, not windy, and humid. Every day the plant watered, and to prevent the disease should be sprayed with fungicide plant. In the dry season the white mite pests often attack, for it should be prevented with spray kelthane. Seedlings usually can be moved to the garden after the age of 9-16 months, and removal done at the beginning of the rainy seasonb) Connection of the eye (grafting)Making the grafting seedlings conducted on the base of the tree aged 8-10 months. As the eye that will be taken from branches that were grafted healthy, with the age of 1 year, and his eyes were clear. The time that is best to stick to the skin when the seedling stem is removed from the timber. The trick is bark slashed staple length of 10 cm and width of 8 mm. Skin is removed from the timber and pulled down and cut into 6 cm. Furthermore slashed an eye with a bit of wood from the branch eye (enthout), the wood is released slowly without damaging the eye. Skin that edged inserted between the skin and the wood which has slashed the principal trees and closed again, with the currency notes should not be closed. Finally swathe entirely with plastic tape. Dlm 3-5 days when his eyes were still green, the attachment successfully. The next 10-15 days after attachment, plastic strap is opened. Principal tree trunks deep transverse cut off half its diameter, approximately 5-7.5 cm above the grafting, and is curved so that the growth of the eye can be faster. Once the rod out of the eye that reaches a height of 1 m, then the principal part of the tree that was cut just above the curved grafting and wound flattened, then covered with paraffin that has been melted. This grafting tree can be moved to the garden after the age of 8-12 months and displacement which is best in the beginning of the rainy season. Dlm vegetative propagation to note is to maintain air humidity to remain high (+ 80%) and the air temperature at the connecting point should not be too high (between 15-25 ° C). It also should not be done in the season of heavy rain and too much direct sunlight. Seeds that form a connection needs to be watered regularly and fertilized 2 weeks. Fertilization can coincide with the watering, which dissolve with 1-1.5 g of urea / NPK to in 1 liter of water. Foliar fertilizer can also be given with the recommended dose Dlm packaging. While controlling pests and diseases is done only when necessary.6.2. Media Processing PlantLand for avocado plants to do well; must be cleared of trees, shrubs, stumps crop marks, as well as stones that interfere. Furthermore, hoeing land Dlm or ditraktor, then fine hoe 2-3 times. The execution of land should be done during the dry season so that planting can then be performed at the beginning or during the rainy season.6.3. Planting Techniques1) Investment PatternsAvocado planting patterns should be done in a combination of different variations. It is given that most varieties of avocado plant can not pollinate itself, but the long green varieties that have a flower type A. There are two types of flowers of some varieties of avocado in Indonesia, namely type A and type B. Varieties which are classified as type A green flower Long, green round, long red, red round, waldin, butler, benuk, dickinson, puebla, taft, and hass. While that is classified as type B Collinson, itszamma, winslowsaon, fuerte, lyon, Nabal, Ganter, and queen. Cross pollination only occurs between the two types of flowers. Therefore, planting avocado dlm a land should be combined among varieties that have a flower type A and type B of interest so that the flowers pollinate each other mutually.2) Hole Making Plant

    Soil excavated with a length, width, and height each 75 cm. The hole left open for approximately 2 weeks.
    Ground top and bottom separated.
    Planting hole is closed again with its original position. Topsoil first mixed with 20 kg of manure before it is inserted into the hole.
    Planting hole which has been closed again pegged to move given the location of the planting hole.
3) How PlantingProper planting time which is at the beginning of the rainy season and the soil imaginable Dlm planting hole is no longer decreasing. Thing to note is that there Dlm ground planting hole should be higher than the surrounding soil. This is to avoid water tergenangnya when watered or rained.The steps of planting is as follows:

    Planting hole which has been closed down, dug up again with the size of the container seedlings.
    The seeds are removed from the basket or polybags with slashed in order to remain intact soil clods.
    Seedlings along with soil that still lumpy neck-high hole Dlm inserted rod, then backfilled and tied to a stake.
    Each seedling should be given shade to avoid direct sunlight, wind, and rain shower. The shade is made oblique with part of eminence in the east. This shade serves to grow new shoots or approximately 2-3 weeks.
6.4. Plant Maintenance1) WeedingWeeds grow around the plant because in that place there are many nutrients. In addition to a rival Dlm obtain food, weeds are also a breeding place of pests and diseases. Therefore, so that plants can grow with either the weeds must be weeded (removed) on a regular basis.2) tilling the soilSoil watered daily which of course will be more dense and the air in it less and less. As a result, the plant roots can not absorb nutrients freely. To avoid this, the soil around the plants need digemburkan with caution so that the roots are not severed.3) WateringNewly planted seedlings which require a lot of water, so watering should be done every day. The right time to water is early morning / afternoon, and if the rain does not need to be watered again.4) Prune PlantsPruning is only done on the branches that grew too tight or branches that die. Pruning is done carefully in order to avoid pruning wounds from infection and scar trimming should be given fungicide / cover wounds.5) FertilizationIn the avocado crop cultivation is necessary that good fertilization program and regular. Given the avocado plant root system, especially the roots of his hair, only slightly less extensive and growing the fertilizer should be given rather frequently with small doses. Given the amount of fertilizer depends on the age of the plant. When the annual fertilization program using urea (45% N), TSP (50% P), and KCl (60% K) then to plant a young age (1-4 years) given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively of 0 , from 27 to 1.1 kg / tree, 0.5-1 kg / tree and from 0.2 to 0.83 kg / tree. For crop production life (5 years) given urea, TSP, and KCl respectively of 2.22 to 3.55 kg / tree, 3.2 kg / tree, and 4 kg / tree. Fertilizer should be given four times in a year. Given the avocado plant has little root of the hair, then the fertilizer should be placed as close as possible with the roots. Way by implanting fertilizer to smb hole 30-40 cm, in which a hole is made just below the edge of the plant canopy, encircling the plant. - GUIDELINES FOR RAISING ALPUKAT
7. PLANT PEST & DISEASE ALPUKAT7.1. Hama on Leaf1) Caterpillar kipat (Cricula trisfenestrata helf)Feature: The body length of 6 cm, black patches of white and filled with white hair. Heads and tails bright red.Symptoms: The leaves intact and there were no bite marks. In the attack that great, but leaves completely depleted plant will not die, and look cocoon hanging.Control: Using insecticides containing the active ingredient monokrotofos or Sipermetein, eg Cymbush 50 EC with a dose of 1-3 cc / liter or Azodrin 15 WSC with a dose of 2-3 cc / liter.2) elephant butterfly caterpillar (Attacus atlas L.)Feature: Butterfly wings can reach a size of 25 cm with a reddish-brown color and a triangular tansparan. Green caterpillar covered with white flour, a length of 15 cm and has a distinguished fleshy spines. Dlm pupae in cocoons that are brown.Symptoms: Same with kipat caterpillar attack symptoms, but cocoon but are not hanging among the leaves.Control: Same with kipat worm eradication.3) Aphis gossypii Glov / A. Cucumeris, A. cucurbitii / Aphis cotton.Feature: dark green body color to black or brown kunig. These pests secrete honey dew which usually covered with soot plume so that the leaves turned black and ants arrive.Symptoms: impaired plant growth. In the great attack plants that will be stunted and twisted.Control: Sprayed with insecticide active ingredient acephate / dimetoat, for example Orthene 75 SP with a dose of 0.5-0.8 grams / liter or Roxion 2 cc / liter.4) Ticks white dompolan (Pseudococcus citri Risso) / Planococcus citri RissoFeature: The shape of the elliptical body, yellowish brown to orange red, white flour covered, body size 3 mm, has a bulge at the edge of the body with the number of 14-18 pairs and that the longest in the buttocks.Symptoms: stunted plant growth and skinny. Young shoots, leaves, stems, flower stalks, stems fruit, and fruit that attacked will look pale, covered with a white mass, and gradually dry.Control: Sprayed with insecticide containing the active ingredient FORMOTION, monokrotofos, dimetoat, or carbaryl. For example anthion 30 EC dose of 1-1.5 liters / ha, Sevin 85 S dose of 0.2% of the concentration of fomula.5) red mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisd)Feature: The body of the female mite crimson / red-brown, while the male mites yellowish green / red. There are a number of black spots, legs and mouth parts white, body size of 0.5 mm.Symptoms: The surface of mottled yellow leaves that later would turn into such a deep red rust. Under the leaf surface appears finely woven yarn reply. Violent attacks that cause the leaves wither and fall off.Control: Sprayed with akarisida Kelthan MF dikofoldan containing the active ingredient, with a dose of 0.6 to 1 liter / ha.7.2. Pests on fruit1) The fruit fly Dacus (Dacus dorsalis Hend.)Feature: Body size 6-8 mm with a wingspan of 5-7 mm. Chest dark brown patches of yellow / white and abdomen brown with dark brown ribbon. White larval stage when still young and yellow as an adult, the body length of 1 cm.Symptoms: Visible black spots / bejolan on the surface of the fruit, which is a pest puncture and a place to lay eggs. Dlm part hollow and rotten fruit were eaten by the larvae.Control: with citronella oil lures / bait protein malathion will turn off the flies that eat them. Spraying insecticides can be done, among others, with Hostathion 40 EC which contain active triazofos dose of 2 cc / liter and actions that it is best to destroy all the fruit that attacked or turn the soil so that the larvae exposed to the sun and die.2) Flying-Fox (Cynopterus sp)Feature: Body as a bat but smaller size fruit attacked at night.Symptoms: There are parts of the fruit that hollow bites. Fruit that has been attacked just that old, and parts that are edible flesh alone.Control: Flying-Fox Capture using nets / frighten him using a windmill which was given a whistle that can create noise.7.3. Pests on Branch / Twig1) Beetle powder branch (Xyleborus Coffeae WURTH / Xylosandrus morigerus Bldf).Feature: Beetle who prefer the coffee plant is dark brown and measuring 1.5 mm. The larvae are white and 2 mm in length.Symptoms: There are holes that resemble a tunnel on a branch or twig. The tunnel can be greater so that food can not be tersalurakan to the leaves, then the leaves wither and eventually the dead branches or twigs.Control: Branches / twigs which trimmed attacked and burned. It can also be sprayed with insecticide active ingredient acephate or diazinon contained Dlm Orthene 75 SP with the dosage of 0.5-0.8 grams / liter and Diazinon 60 EC dose of 1-2 cc / liter.7.4. Fungus diseases attributable1) AntraknosaCause: The fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) SACC. which has mycelium colored green to black cokleat gray and orange spores.Symptoms: The disease attacks all parts of the plant, except the roots. Infected part and brown rust, then leaves, flowers, fruits / branch plants that attacked will fall.Control: Pruning twigs and branches that die. Fruit research conducted somewhat early (already old but not yet ripe). It can also be sprayed with the fungicide maneb that active ingredient as in Velimex 80 WP. This fungicide is given 2 weeks prior to plucking with a dose of 2-2.5 grams / liter.2) The leaf spots or brown spotsCause: Cercospora purpurea CKE. / Known also with Pseudocercospora purpurea (CKE). Derghton. This fungus like dark and damp places.Symptoms: patches of light brown with dark brown edges on the surface of leaves or fruits. When the weather is humid, brown spots turn into gray spots. If allowed, the long run will be a hole that can be entered into other organisms.Control: Spraying Masalgin 50 WP fungicide containing benomyl, with a dose of 1-2 grams / liter or can also apply a slurry with Bordeaux.3) Root rot and stem cancerCause: The fungus Phytophthora living saprophyte in soil containing organic matter, like wet soils with poor drainage.Symptoms: When the plant who attacked the roots then growth becomes impaired, young shoots grew scarce. The most fatal result of which was the death of the tree. When the stems of plants that attacked it would appear discoloration of the skin at the base of the stem.Control: drainage needs to be repaired, do not let any water that pooled / to dismantle the plant who attacked then replaced with new-crop.4) Rotten fruitCause: Botryodiplodia theobromae pat. This fungus attacks when there are injuries to the surface of the fruit.Symptoms: The first time that the attack was the tip of the fruit stalk with a sign that irregular brown spots, which then spread to the fruit. In the skin of the fruit will be small bumps arise.Control: Apply porridge Bordeaux / spray Velimex 80 WP fungicide active ingredient which Zineb, with a dose of 2-2.5 grams / liter. - PEST & DISEASE PLANT ALPUKAT
8. HARVEST ALPUKAT8.1. Feature & HarvestThe characteristics of the fruit that was old but not yet ripe are:

    dark skin color but not become brown / red and not glossy;
    When the fruit is knocked back with the nail, causing a loud sound that;
    when fruit rocked, will be heard shaking seeds.
Determination of the rate of aging fruit requires its own experience. Should need to be observed when flowers bloom until six months later, because the avocado usually after 6-7 months old when flowers bloom. To be sure, it is necessary picked some fruit as an example. When the fruit is ripe with examples of good, a sign that the fruit was old and ready to be harvested.8.2. How to HarvestGenerally avocado harvest is done manually, which is picked by hand. If the physical condition does not allow it to climb trees, the harvest can be helped by using the tool / pole that was given tangguk cloth / jute at the end / stairs. When harvested, the fruit must be picked / cut together a little fruit stalk (3-5 cm) to prevent bruises, wounds / infections in the section near the fruit stalk.8.3. Harvest PeriodAvocado usually experienced at the beginning of the flowering season the rainy season, and usually thick fruiting season in December, January, and February. In Indonesia, natural state that is suitable for planting avocado, harvest can take place every month.8.4. Production ForecastProduction of avocado fruit on the trees which grow and fruit well can reach 70-80 kg / tree / year. The average production that can be expected from each tree is about 50 kg. - HARVEST ALPUKAT
9. Postharvest ALPUKAT9.1. WashingLaundering is intended to eliminate all kinds of dirt that stick thus simplifying the classification / sorting. How to wash depends on the dirt that stuck.9.2. SortingSorting fruit since they are at the farm level, with the goal of selecting fruit that good and qualified, is expected fruit which has the following characteristics:

    No defects, rind should be smooth without spots.
    Quite old but not yet mature.
    Uniform fruit size. Usually used in 1 kg standard consists of 3 pieces or a maximum weight of 400 g.
    Uniform fruit shape. Most orders are distinguished bell-shaped.
Fruit Most requested importers to foreign consumers is that avocado butter yellow flesh without fiber. Meanwhile, to meet the needs inside the country, all of the terms was not too taken into account.9.3. Ripening & StorageThe new avocado can be consumed when it is ripe. To achieve this level packaging takes around 7 days after the quotation (if fruits are picked at the moment is enough ketuaannya). When the grace period will be accelerated, the fruit must be cured first. For export purposes, it is not necessary because the curing time limit is adjusted with the length of travel to reach the destination. Avocado ripening way is still very modest. In general, only with inserting fruit into burlap in a poke, then the meeting ends tied. After the sack which is placed in a dry and clean place. Because avocados have a shelf life of only up to about 7 days (since picking up ready to eat), then if you want to slow down the shelf life can be made with store Dlm room temperature with 5 degrees C. In this way, shelf life can be slowed samapai 30-40 days.9.4. Packaging & TransportationPackaging is a container / space that is used to package a commodity. Packaging for different local markets with which to be exported. For marketing inside the country, avocados are packed in a poke-woven bag / basket, then transported with trucks. While packing for export is different again, which generally use a cardboard box with a capacity of 5 kg avocado. Before placing Dlm cardboard box, avocado wrapped in tissue paper, then set sususannya interspersed with insulation which is made from pieces of cardboard. - Postharvest ALPUKAT
10. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CROP CULTIVATION ALPUKAT10.1 Analysis of CultivationApproximate analysis of extensive cultivation of avocado with 1 hectare of land for 10 years in West Java in 1999.1) Cost of production

    Seedling grafting: 121 rods @ 10,000, - Rp. 1.21 million, -
    Fertilizer
        Manure 3 tons @ Rp. 150.000, - / ton USD. 450.000, -
        Urea
            Year 1-4, 1936 kg @ Rp. 1.500, - USD. 2.904 million, -
            Year 5-10, 9801 kg @ Rp. 1.500, - USD. 14.7015 million, -
        TSP
            Year 1-4, 1936 kg @ Rp. 1.600, - USD. 3.0976 million, -
            Year 5-10, 9317 kg @ Rp.1.600, - USD. 14.9072 million, -
        KCl
            Year 1-4, 1694 kg @ Rp. 1.650, - USD. 2.7951 million, -
            Year 5-10, 11 616 kg @ Rp. 1.650, - USD. 19.1664 million, -
        Pesticides and fungicides Rp. 240.000, -
    Equipment
        Hoe Rp. 70.000, -
        Sprayer Rp. 250.000, -
    Labor
        Piracy land and fertilizer base (wholesale) Rp. 400.000, -
        Watering 15 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 105.000, -
        Pruning 4 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 28.000, -
        Making the planting hole 15 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 105.000, -
        Planting 7 HOK @ RP. 7.000, - USD. 49.500, -
        Weeding 20 HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 1.400.000, -
        Fertilization 10 HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 700.000, -
        Plant protection 4HOK / year @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 280.000, -
    Harvest & Postharvest
        4th year, 18 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 126,000, -
        Year-to-5, 22 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 154.000, -
        Tahunke-6, 35 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 245,000, -
        Tahunke-7, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -
        Year 8, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -
        Year-to-9, 48 HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -
        10th year, 48HOK @ Rp. 7.000, - USD. 336,000, -
Total production costs Rp Dlm 10 years. 64.8413 million, -2) Revenue

    4th year, 3,300 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 11.55 million, -
    Year 5, 6,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 22.75 million, -
    6th year, 9,800 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 34.3 million, -
    7th year, 12,000 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 42,000,000, -
    8th year, 12,200 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 42.7 million, -
    9th year, 12,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 43.75 million, -
    10th year, 12,500 kg @ Rp. 3.500, - USD. 43.75 million, -
Jumlahpendapatan Dlm 10 years Rp.240.800.000, -3) Gain Dlm 10 years Rp.175.958.700, -Avocado plants derived from seed or grafting grafting will begin to bear fruit at the age of 4 years with the production of 3,300 kg / ha. This production will continue to grow until it reaches stability in year 7 (fourth harvest) with the amount of average production of 12,000 kg / ha. The new advantages can be obtained in the second harvest (year 5) and will be stable in the fourth harvest (7th year). However, the analysis does not include the cost of land lease.10.2 Agribusiness Opportunity OverviewAlthough the advantages of avocado farming in Indonesia is not so can be felt because management is not intensive, but as demand increases, the avocado crop from year to year increase. Avocado business prospects even brighter in connection with the opening of the market opportunity. But unfortunately there are still many areas which are untapped production center, so that trouble getting the fruit is still perceived by traders, both in the local market as well as exporters.Avocado is one type of highly nutritious fruit that more and more in demand. It is evident from the many avocado demand in the market. For example, a wholesaler requires avocado 12-20 tonnes / week for retailers in Bogor. In addition to the local market, overseas markets also managed to penetrate. At first, only Singapore and the Netherlands, then follow Saudi Arabia, France, and Brunei Darussalam. French imports in 1989 as many as 3,790 kg with the value of US $ 379, and in 1990 increased to 5,749 kg with the value of 10 876 US $. The price situation at the farm level is relatively varied compared with at the retail level. 

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